International Medical Journal

This study aimed to determine the correlation between Cycle Threshold (CT) value with severity of clinical symptoms in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at the time of admission. A survey cross sectional study was conducted in two hospitals: Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital and Hasanuddin University Hospital in Makassar, Indonesia, involved 270 subjects from May to July 2020. Medical records which met the study criteria were included in this study. CT value data was collected and compared among different clinical symptom severity. The correlation was analysed using SPSS version 25. The statistical tests used were Anova and Chi Square test. A multivariate analysis was conducted using multinomial logistic regression. The mean CT value was significantly lower in severe group and higher in mild group (p < 0.05). We also found a significant correlation between gender, age, comorbidities, and radiological features with the severity of clinical symptom (each p < 0.01) and proceed to the multivariate analysis. The variables which significantly related to severity of clinical symptom were the radiological features of pneumonia (p < 0.001), comorbidities (p < 0.01), and CT value (p < 0.05). The CT value has significant negative correlation with the severity of clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients at the time of admission. Adjusted by other variables, CT value still has a significant association with severity of COVID 19 symptom.

This study aims at measuring medical students' satisfaction with e-learning during COVID 19 pandemic at College of Medicine Jouf University (COM JU) and identify gender differences. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at (COM-JU) during academic year 2019-2020, students from 1st-5th year participated in the study. Sample size calculated as 200 students. Valid and reliable questionnaire was developed and sent electronically. Piloting of the questionnaire to 20 participants. Frequency and percentage of satisfied and dissatisfied students were calculated. We used the chi- square test to determine the association of variables based on gender groups. Total 139 responses were received 92 males and 47 females participated in the study. 0.82 was calculated as Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire. Most of the students 102 (73.38%) used mobile for e leaning. Students were satisfied with course overview and support 69.21% males and 56.71% females, content and instructional methods 72.63% male and 64.18% females, assessment 75.45% male sand 52.98% females, virtual learning environment 69.02% of males and 56.47% of female students were dissatisfied with it. Study concludes that Students were satisfied with online courses during the lock down situation. The tool is valid and reliable too to measure student's perception of e learning courses.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common underlying feature of hyperglycemia. In developed countries, use of medicinal plants has recently increased as scientific evidence about their effectiveness has become broadly available. This article is to review the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants commonly used for diabetes mellitus. We carried out a literature search in several electronic data bases such as: Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Google, Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline from 2000 to 2020 to acquire the status of information concerning this concept. Medicinal plants have long been used in traditional systems of medicine for diabetes. Some recent reports on the medicinal plant with anti-diabetic effects have provided evidence for possible mechanisms of action. Nonetheless, the majority of investigators only speculated on a wide range of possible mechanisms or simply demonstrated an antihyperglycemic effect for the crude plant extracts or the isolated compounds of interest. This review articles hope that this will be beneficial as a starting point to consider the discussed products for further investigations to identify and develop new medicinal remedies with potential alternative or complementary use in con- trolling diabetes.

Coprophagia is defined in the 32nd edition of Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary as "ingestion of feces called also coprophagy". A classification scheme for coprophagy types in humans is presented in this review. Literature on coprophagy, and its affiliated keywords like coprophilia, scatolia and fecal bacteriotherapy, as indexed in the PubMed database and other commercial databases such as Science Direct, Wiley Online and Springer was studied. Two main frames of coprophagy are, intra-species coprography (ingestion of feces solely from Homo sapiens) and inter species coprography. (consumption of animal feces other than H sapiens). Intra-species coprophagy is further subdivided into two distinct types; (a) Autocoprophagy ingestion of self-produced feces, and (b) Allocoprophagy Either ingestion or trans- plantation of feces from other H sapiens individuals. Depending on the route of introduction of feces into the body, two sub categories are identified. Type 1 paraphilia oral ingestion of feces produced either by 'partners' in consensual sex play or in a transaction between prostitute and customer. Type 2 Clinical treatment of transplantation of feces to patients suffering from Clostridia difficile infection is included in this type. As fecal medicines, inter species coprography prevails in the traditional Han Chinese medicine system and other traditional ethnic medicine systems of China. Most of the coprophagy literature published now, belongs to the category of 'autocoprophagy' in this classification. But other categories also deserve recognition.

Hemodialysis is beneficial for patients with chronic renal failure but has side effects. Hemodialysis patients should be able to maintain an interdialytic bodyweight < 1.5 kg to minimize intradialytic complications. This study was to deter- mine the relationship between gender, age, duration of hemodialysis with interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and complications of intradialytic at Panembahan Senopati Hospital, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research was an analytic observational quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study were 132 patients at Panembahan Senopati Hospital, Bantul. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. The instruments were weight scales, IDWG observation sheets and intradialytic complications observation sheets. Bivariate analysis using the Somers test. Most of the respondents were male (54.5%), taking blood pressure drugs (78.0%), the late elderly (31.1%), and undergoing hemodialysis > 24 months (76.5%). The majority of respondents experienced increased IDWG and mild complications. Bivariate analysis between sex, age, and duration of HD with IDWG were p0.963, p0.568, and p0.608. The bivariate test results between sex, age, HD duration, and IDWG with intradialytic complications were obtained p0.551, p0.980, p0.417, and p0.001. There was no association between sex, age, and duration of HD with IDWG and intradialytic complications, whereas changes in IDWG were associated with intradialytic complications.