Abstract : <p>Urology is a surgical specialty that has undergone many changes in the last decade. Surgery has begun to shift from open surgery to endoscopy and laparoscopy. Post-operative infection is one of the most common complications in endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures. It is very important to distinguish the role of prophylactic antibiotics and empirical antibiotics. Prophylactic antibiotics can prevent infection but it is unable to compensate for infections due to poor hygiene and surgical techniques. Meanwhile, empirical antibiotics administration is given based on clinical symptoms, or it is proven that there was microorganism infection. Urological procedures can be categorized into 4 types: Category A (clean), B (clean- contaminated), C (contaminated), and D (dirty). In category A, patients do not need to be given prophylactic antibiotics unless they have risk factors for infection. There are significant differences in countries or regions and types of hospitals in the use of prophylactic antibiotics so that it is difficult to make the same procedure in the administration of prophylactic antibiotics.</p>