Abstract :
<p>The current study aimed to identify the oral microbiome in waterpipe and electronic cigarette smokers and compared with oral microbiome of non-smokers in United Arab Emirates. A total of 60 gargled saline samples were collected from the volunteers including waterpipe and e-cigarette smokers and non-smokers from September 2020 to April 2021. Out of 60 samples, 45 samples were collected from waterpipe (n=21), e-cigarette smokers (n=20), both waterpipe and e-cigarette smokers (n=4) and smokers (n=15). All the samples were cultured in double strength BHI agar, Mitis salivarius agar with tellurite and Blood agar. In total 116 different bacterial colonies were isolated and selected for further gram staining reactions and various biochemical utilization tests using analytical profile index 20NE & 20E tests for non-enteric and enteric bacteria. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done on the identified bacterial colonies. In the current study, both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria including rod and coccus were isolated in all the 60 samples. Based on the cultural characteristics and analytical profile index sore, 13 different bacteria were identified in all the 3 cohort. They were A. hydrophilia, P. pneumotropica, P. luteola, P. damselae, C. indologenes, S. multivorum, Moraxella species, B. cepacia, E. coli, E. faecalis, Neisseria species, S. salivarious, S. mitis. In waterpipe, e-cigarette and non-smokers cohorts, 09, 07 and 11 different bacteria were identified respectively. The bacteria A. hydrophila, P. pneumotropica, P. luteola, C. indologenes, P. damselae, Neisseria species, S. mitis were the common bacterial isolates in all the three different cohorts.</p>