International Medical Journal

Journal ID : IMJ-11-04-2020-409

Total View : 155

Title : EVALUATION OF ORAL MEDICATION PREPARATION AND ADMINISTRATION THROUGH ENTERAL FEEDING TUBES

Abstract :

Context: Drug delivery through enteral feeding tubes (EFT) is complex and prone to errors. Aims: To identify errors of oral medication preparation and administration in adult patients with nasogastric tube (NGT) and their associated factors on blockage of the tube. Settings: A cross-sectional study was performed in March–June 2018 in six units at a tertiary level hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Seventy-nine patients with 106 oral therapy preparations following administrations via EFT, which were carried out by nurses, nursing assistants, and caregivers, were prospectively observed. The evaluation of errors used a standard checklist. Blockage of feeding tube was observed in the NGT hose. Data of patient characteristics were analyzed by descriptive analysis. Data of the association between variables were examined using bivariate analysis by chi-square test, whereas multivariate logistic regression was used to identify possible factors associated with feeding tube blockage. Results: The patients were mostly female (51.9%), middle-aged with age range of 41–64 years (49.4%) and with NGT bore size of 16 French (97.5%). Non-dilution with water of commercially available liquid forms of drugs (71.43%) was the most common preparation deviation from the guidelines. The most frequent improper administration involved not flushing the NGT with water between drug administrations (91.51%). An association was observed between occluded NGT and the incidence of preparation error, which involved crushed tablets or capsules, with p value < 0.05. Conclusions: Successful drug delivery through EFT requires the consideration of physicochemical drug and dosage form properties

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International Medical Journal

Journal ID : IMJ-11-04-2020-408

Total View : 185

Title : Medicines’ availability and affordability for non-communicable diseases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract : Availability and affordability of essential medicines for chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries both in the public and private sectors were considered low. This study aimed to evaluate medicines availability for non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease), as well as to explore prices and the affordability of those drugs. Survey methodology was based on World Health Organization and Health Action International Manual (WHO/HAI). The survey was conducted in 24 health facilities randomly selected based on the representative for public and private health facilities. Chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, and twelve key medicines were identified and investigated. A high availability (>80%) of the medicines for diabetes was seen in the survey. Metformin had the highest availability among all medicines (100%). Captopril had the highest availability (87.50%) among hypertension medicines while propranolol had the lowest (66.67%). For cardiovascular medicines, a quite low availability (50-80%) was seen where simvastatin had the highest availability (62.50%) and Isosorbid dinitrate had the lowest (50%). The prices of 8 medicines were higher than IRP of the particular medicine. It means that the prices of theses medicines in most health facilities were expensive and not efficient. Less than ten day’s wages were required to buy a month’s supply of all medicines observed in this study. Over all availability of NCDs (diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease) medicines was suboptimal. Procurement price for most medicines surveyed was not efficient. All medicines surveyed are generally affordable to the lowest income community in the country. The relatively low availability and high MPR of NCDs medicines in health facilities of is a concern to make regulations to ensure availability and affordability of essential medicines in Indonesia. These policies are also important in the era of universal health coverage.
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International Medical Journal

Journal ID : IMJ-10-04-2020-407

Total View : 164

Title : The indirect cost associated with premature death of cancer attributable to secondhand smoke in Indonesia

Abstract : Cancer due to secondhand smoke has an economic impact on society. One important element of this economic impact is the indirect cost associated with premature death (ICPD) of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia. This study aimed to estimating the indirect cost associated with premature death (ICPD) of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia. Epidemiological study using prevalence based is conducted. Estimation of ICPD of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia was conducted by multiplying smoking attributable cancer mortality with life expectancy and the average income. Life expectancy of Indonesian was taken from the WHO data Life Tables year 2016, while the average income of Indonesian population per gender was retrieved from National Statistics Bureau 2018. Total indirect cost associated with premature death (ICPD) of cancer related to secondhand smoke was IDR 1,832 trillion. ICPD of cancer due to secondhand smoking on male (IDR 1,270 trillion) was greater than ICPD of cancer due to secondhand smoking on female (IDR 562,101 million). Estimation the burden of cancer related to secondhand smoke helps the government in determining health programs and to reduce the burden of cancer related to secondhand smoke in Indonesia.
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International Medical Journal

Journal ID : IMJ-09-04-2020-406

Total View : 146

Title : Changes in provision of primary care in Kazakhstan following implementation of national healthcare programs

Abstract : Over the past decades of years’ general practitioners (GPs) became the front men of health care provision in Kazakhstan. The country’s government is committed to increasing availability of GPs with a focus on teaching of critically thinking professionals capable to maintain the level of care envisaged by international standards. This study aimed at provision of descriptive analysis on distribution of GPs in South Kazakhstan region in comparison with the whole country and to describe the basic health indicators in relation to the manpower available. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, which was based on the data obtained from the Registry of medical manpower established by the Observatory of manpower resources in health care. There was an insignificant variation in the proportion of GPs out of all medical professionals between South Kazakhstan region and the whole country. Regionally, the supply of GPs grew abruptly from 4.76 per 10,000 populations in 2015 to 7.37 per 10,000 populations in 2016. This growth was also established at the national level and ranged from 4.56 per 10,000 populations in 2015 to 4.72 per 10,000 populations in 2016. In response to increasing supply of GPs, the decreasing rates of all-cause mortality, declining numbers of heart and infant deaths were observed both regionally and nationally. Increasing GPs supply is generally associated with many favorable outcomes related to population health. There is a need to conduct longitudinal studies in order to reveal effects produced by increased GPs supply on health indicators of Kazakhstani population.
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International Medical Journal

Journal ID : IMJ-09-04-2020-405

Total View : 131

Title : Prevalence of Types of Labial Frenum Attachment and Frenectomy with Conventional Scalpel Technique in a Sample of Iraqi Population

Abstract : Frenum is thin fold of mucous membrane with enclosed muscle fibers which attach the lip to the alveolar mucosa and underlying periosteum on the labial aspect of the maxilla and mandible. The Frenal variations depending on the fibers attachment in addition to the presence of structural variations. The purpose of the current study is to find the prevalence of types of labial frenum attachment in a sample of Iraqi Population. The study was conducted on 2157 patients (1,105 males, and 1,052 females), aged between 10 - 70 years. Those patients attended to Periodontics Department –Department of Dentistry –Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq. The most important findings from this paper revealed that female showed higher percentages of frenum attachment types: mucosal (24.68%), gingival (18.83%), papillary (7.60%) and papillary penetrating (1.55%) than male frenum attachment types: mucosal (21.64%), gingival (7.50%) and papillary (6.94%) and papillary penetrating (1.26%). The current study has found that the majority of frenal attachments were of mucosal type. The next more prevalent types were gingival followed by papillary and the least frequent was papillary penetrating. Frenectomy could be used to treated high frenum attachment.
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International Medical Journal

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Submission Deadline ( Vol 30 , Issue 09 )
20 Sep 2023

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Publish On ( Vol 30 , Issue 07 )
31 Jul 2023