Abstract : This work aims to assess the influence of pre-treatment with chlorhexidine and fluoride solutions on shear bond strength "SBS" of sapphire brackets bonded using two types of orthodontic adhesive systems. Forty recently extracted premolars were allocated to 4 equal experimental groups, 1st and 2nd were treated with 0.20 % chlorhexidine gel, while 3rd and 4th were treated with Fluoride Varnish. Following surface treatment, sapphire brackets were bonded with Transbond XT plus (SEP) and Transbond XT adhesive group 2 and 4; and Heliost composite were performed for group 1 and 3 following the manufacturer’s specifications. The SBS was measured by a universal testing machine, while the failure sites were analyzed using the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The SBS for group 1 and 2 were less than those for group 3 and 4 without a statistically significant difference (P> 0.05); however, significantly greater bond strength (P< 0.05) was found between groups 1 (treated with chlorhexidine gel) and group 3 (treated with fluoride varnish). No significant difference in SBS was observed between HELOISIT and XT TRANSBOND PLUS primer and adhesive. ARI scores showed that failures mostly occurred at the interface of enamel and resin. The application of chlorhexidine gel before bonding had insignificant impact on the SBS; however, fluoride varnish significantly increased SBS for Heliosit adhesive.
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Abstract : The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its genotypes among healthy adults and children has been established, and various risk groups for the prevalence of viral hepatitis C patients living in the endemic area  of the central cities of Iraq  from the period of 2017 to 2019have been identified. A high prevalence of anti-HCV has been identified. A high level of prevalence was noted in groups of patients in the intensive care units and personnel donors.
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Abstract : Fetal development disorders in pregnancy occur because of the increased need for iodine, while the intake or level of consumption of iodine sourced from household salt and comes from food shortages. Research design is Case-Control with fetal developmental disorders: Intra-Uterine Fetal Death (IUFD), Premature, Low Birth Weight (LBW) and Abortion. Control was taken in the same region and characteristics, derived from secondary data in 6 Public Health Centers (urban and rural) areas. Data collection by interview, observation, and examination of household iodine salt levels with iodine test. Analysis of hypothesis testing with test chi-square and logistic regression with a significance of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The results showed from 27 cases known as many as 55.6% there was a disruption of fetal development in non-iodized household salt [POR (Prevalence Odds Ratio)]: 2.95 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-13.13] and 42, 3% occurs in iodized iodine less salt [POR (Prevalence Odds Ratio): 1.70 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-7.85]. The relationship between consumption level and fetal developmental disorder showed that 48.8% experienced fetal developmental disruption at the level of unfavorable consumption of iodine, [POR (Prevalence Odds Ratio): 4.39 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-13.68]. Fetal developmental disorders have a large percentage that occurs in respondents in which kitchen salt does not have iodine levels and occurs in respondents with the level of consumption of fewer iodine foods with the most disorders was IUFD and LBW.
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Abstract : Socio-economic status, lifestyle behaviours, and physical-social factors have been implicated in the development of overweight and obesity. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of overweight and obesity in academia and to examine the possible correlation of variables such as socio-economic characteristics, work conditions, physical factors, and behaviour regulation. In this study, the targeted population was the full-time academic and non-academic staff and used Body mass index (BMI) to determine obesity. Along with a pretested self-administered questionnaire to obtain the required data. Data were collected from 143 adults of whom 51% were males and 49% females. Overweight was seen in 50.0% of academics and 39.7% of administrative, irrespective of gender. Obesity was noted in about 20% of academics and 4.76% of administrative. The results showed that sociodemographic factors (age, gender, occupation, and education level), physical-social factors (monthly average household income and anthropometric measurements) and lifestyle behaviours (dietary habits and physical activity patterns) were significantly associated with BMI. In conclusion, this study found a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among employees of the university and that the sociodemographic, physical and dietary habits were found to contribute to obesity in this research sample.
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Abstract : This study aimed to assess the ions released from two brands of orthodontic bondable molar tubes after immersion in different mouthwashes. Eighty orthodontic molar tubes; 40 from Orthotechnology® Company and 40 from IOS® Company were immersed in three types of mouthwash (two herbal and one chemical) in addition to distilled water; ten of each type were immersed separately in each media under 37°C for 45 days. Assessment of the ions released was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and comparisons between the brands and among various mouthwashes were determined by independent sample test and one-way analysis of variance respectively. The results showed statistically highly significant differences in ions released among different types of mouthwashes for both brands; moreover, the tubes from IOS® Company released significantly more ions than that from the Orthotechnology® Company. The number of ions released in herbal mouthwashes was higher than in chemical one, so prolonged use of these mouthwashes is not recommended.
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