International Medical Journal

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Coprophagia is defined in the 32nd edition of Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary as "ingestion of feces called also coprophagy". A classification scheme for coprophagy types in humans is presented in this review. Literature on coprophagy, and its affiliated keywords like coprophilia, scatolia and fecal bacteriotherapy, as indexed in the PubMed database and other commercial databases such as Science Direct, Wiley Online and Springer was studied. Two main frames of coprophagy are, intra-species coprography (ingestion of feces solely from Homo sapiens) and inter species coprography. (consumption of animal feces other than H sapiens). Intra-species coprophagy is further subdivided into two distinct types; (a) Autocoprophagy ingestion of self-produced feces, and (b) Allocoprophagy Either ingestion or trans- plantation of feces from other H sapiens individuals. Depending on the route of introduction of feces into the body, two sub categories are identified. Type 1 paraphilia oral ingestion of feces produced either by 'partners' in consensual sex play or in a transaction between prostitute and customer. Type 2 Clinical treatment of transplantation of feces to patients suffering from Clostridia difficile infection is included in this type. As fecal medicines, inter species coprography prevails in the traditional Han Chinese medicine system and other traditional ethnic medicine systems of China. Most of the coprophagy literature published now, belongs to the category of 'autocoprophagy' in this classification. But other categories also deserve recognition.

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Hemodialysis is beneficial for patients with chronic renal failure but has side effects. Hemodialysis patients should be able to maintain an interdialytic bodyweight < 1.5 kg to minimize intradialytic complications. This study was to deter- mine the relationship between gender, age, duration of hemodialysis with interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and complications of intradialytic at Panembahan Senopati Hospital, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research was an analytic observational quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study were 132 patients at Panembahan Senopati Hospital, Bantul. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. The instruments were weight scales, IDWG observation sheets and intradialytic complications observation sheets. Bivariate analysis using the Somers test. Most of the respondents were male (54.5%), taking blood pressure drugs (78.0%), the late elderly (31.1%), and undergoing hemodialysis > 24 months (76.5%). The majority of respondents experienced increased IDWG and mild complications. Bivariate analysis between sex, age, and duration of HD with IDWG were p0.963, p0.568, and p0.608. The bivariate test results between sex, age, HD duration, and IDWG with intradialytic complications were obtained p0.551, p0.980, p0.417, and p0.001. There was no association between sex, age, and duration of HD with IDWG and intradialytic complications, whereas changes in IDWG were associated with intradialytic complications.

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Treatment for sex hormone depletion along with chronic inflammation would be beneficial for aging males. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known for their immunomodulatory activities and differentiation ability in regenerative medicine. Whether MSC could influence both testosterone and pro-inflammatory marker in aging males is uncertain. This study aimed to explore the effects of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) on testosterone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and creatinine levels in aged rats. The hUCMSC was administered to aged male Sprague-Dawley rats (24 months old). After four injections of 1 million per kg body weight in 3-month intervals, the rats were sacrificed, and serum was collected for biochemical examinations. The hUCMSC administrations increased the testosterone level almost three-fold and decreased the TNF-α level. Moreover, the high testosterone level was strongly correlated with low TNF-α level (p = 0.013; r = -0.863) in aged male rats. These results were following our previous report, which showed that the hUCMSC increased the number of Leydig cells. Serum creatinine levels in the treatment group were slightly increased but were still within the normal limit. The hUCMSC treatment in aged male rats tends to increase testosterone levels and lower TNF-α levels.

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Distraction is especially detrimental to human functioning in situations requiring cognitive processing. The study was designed to find if visual distraction during written examination can negatively affect the student performance. A cross sectional study. This study was conducted in the College of Medicine/University of Baghdad from September 2020 to February 2021. The study included 118 final year medical students. They were divided into 2 groups, group 1(55 students) which was given the question set with 5 questions containing visual distraction and group 2 (63 students) which was given the same question set without visual distraction. Mean scores of both group were compared. The female to male ratio was 2:1. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.734 based on Standardized Items. The mean scores of group 1 and 2(out of 9) were 6.87 ± 2.135 and 7.51 ± 1.664 respectively with statistically significant difference (p value = 0.04). The mean scores of the 4 questions containing the distractors (out of 4) were 3.02 ± 1.080 and 3.52 ± 0.948 respectively with statistically significant difference (p value = 0.008). The study revealed a negative effect of visual distraction on the students performance during written examination. Further studies are needed specially in real life situation.

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Abstract : Appendicitis is most common gastro-intestinal surgical emergency world wide which requires emergency as well as elective interval appendectomy. Various methods available are open (conventional open appendectomy and mini incision appendectomy), laparoscopic appendectomy (single incision, conventional and robotic assisted) and natural orifice Trans luminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). To study and analyze the advantage, feasibility and utility of mini- incision (2-3cm) open appendectomy (MOA) in terms of safety, cost effectiveness, post operative complications and hospital stay in the present era of laparoscopy as our procedure does not require any special training or costly instruments of laparoscopic surgery. A total 147 patients diagnosed with appendicitis operated with small incision appendectomy as emergency or elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. The study period was from 2012 to 2020 for 8 years in district hospital/ government medical college Ayodhya. All the patients were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, laboratory and radiological findings. Patient’s written informed consent was taken for spinal anesthesia and the procedure of surgery was explained to the patients. Data was analyzed using window SPSS version 17. Mini incision appendectomy was performed in total 156 patients, 9 were excluded due to extension of the incision (from 3.5-5 cm) for various reasons, so this study was carried out in 147 patients only. Out of them 80 patients were male (54.42 %) and 67 were female (45.58 %). Average operating time was 26.64 min (range 18-45min) with no post op mortality and minimal postoperative pain. Post operative wound infection occurred in only 8 (5.44%) cases. Average Duration of the hospital stay in our study was 3 days. MOA is a safe procedure requiring no special training and instruments and has short operating time with minimal complications and good cosmesis. MOA is also cost effective..
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