Abstract : The highly use of generators creating an alarming level of pollution (air and noise) in all regions of the world. The soot which is impure carbon particles emitteddfrom diesel engines into environment during combustion process is to consider one of the dangerous pollutant due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known for their cancer properties are associated with it. Environmental conditionsshave many serious impacts on the general health of humans-as well as on dental status. The aim of the study was to evaluate caries experience and salivary oxidative stress biomarker (protein carbonyl) in relation to dental caries among a group of diesel generator workers. The sample for this study included 94 workers in diesel generators, their ages were between 20- 49 years. Collection of stimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardized conditions to determine the level of oxidative stress biomarker (protein carbonyl) while caries experience was determined by the Decayed- Missing – Filled Surface index by WHO 1997. The result revealed that caries experience (DMFS, DMFT, DS, MS) was relatively highest among the workers with longer duration and the most component of caries experience was the Missing surfaces (MS) followed by Decayed surface(DS) while the least one was the Filling surfaces (FS), furthermore, the salivary protein carbonyl level was increased approximately with increase duration of work in the field of generators. Saliva considered as a valid and convenient diagnostic biofluid for measurement of oxidant/antioxidants in patients. In this study there was changes in the oxidative stress in the biological systems among the workers with longer duration which can be produced by the exhaustion, of antioxidants and/or by an-overload of oxidants, as a result of this ,the antioxidant defense system become deficient that may,,be important in the inflammatory reactions, also caries experience was approximately,higher=among the=workers with longer duration ,therefore special oral, and general health,,preventive and educational programs are needed for them.
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Abstract : This study aimed to analyze the capitation payment utilization and expenditure of drugcosts in public and private primary health care (PHC). This study was a cross-sectional study withquantitative approach of data collection that was done from January 2016 to December 2016 at 5 private and5 public PHC, evaluating utilization and expenditure data prescription cost in Yogyakarta city and Slemandistrict, Indonesia. We performed Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis analysis to determine differences inutilization and expenditure of drug cost between private and public PHC. The most prevalent diseases foundbased on the type of PHC was pulpitis (12.5%) while in private PHC was an acute upper respiratoryinfection (13.5%). Characteristic of patients visited was female (68%), 46-55 age group (17%). The costused in health services were IDR 16,093 (77%) for patient examination and services and IDR 5,097 (23%)for the drug. There were statistically difference for total cost of three diseases, includinghypercholesterolemia (p=0.008); acute upper respiratory infection (p= 0.023); and functional dyspepsia (p=0.015). The highest drug cost based on diseases was refractory anemia (IDR 18,885). The proportion of drugcost was about 23% of the total capitation fund received by PHCs. Drug costs in the capitation system at theprivate first level health facilities tend to be higher than in the public facilities. Moreover, it is lower than theinternational standard suggested by WHO. It is recommended to evaluate the capitation system especiallythe rational proportion of health expenditure to enhance the quality of care.
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Abstract : Among the educational programs, medical education is very important because of itsunique nature and high costs. Students, as the main elements of education, are the best source of informationneeded to determine the quality of education. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate theeffectiveness of basic science education on the clinical skills from the viewpoint of the medical interns andexterns at Semnan University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 102 30-itemquestionnaires were completed by medical students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences during 2017-2018. The questionnaire evaluated four indices of achievement of objectives, content of basic sciencecourses, educational planning and organization, and assessment of professors. The answers were based on a5-point Likert scale varying from undesirable to poor, average, good, and excellent. In this study, 51 femalesand 51 males medical inters and externs participated. From the viewpoint of students, the anatomy(3.42±1.038) and physiology (3.27±1.195) were considered as the most important and influential basicscience courses and physics (1.58±0.895) and biochemistry (1.44±0.752) were evaluated as the leastimportant basic science courses. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the three indices of achievement ofobjectives, educational planning and organization, and assessment of professors from the viewpoint ofstudents showed a mean and standard deviation of less than average. The results showed that clinical aspectsof basic science courses were received less attention, indicating the need to revise current methods of basicsciences in medical education.
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Abstract : The aim of the current study was to investigate the T. evansi infection of dromedary camel, using the molecular tools in comparison to conventional methods. Jugular vein blood samples were randomly collected seasonally for three successive seasons from 500 camels in Nyala area (South Darfur State) and examined parasitologically by Giemsa stained blood smears (GSBS) for the presence of the trypanosomes, serologically for detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies by card agglutination test (CATT) and molecularly for detection of the T. evansi amino- acid sequence through PCR by using T. brucei spp specific primers. Out of 500 samples 55(11%) were positive by smears, and 140(28%) were positives by CATT through anti-trypanosomal antibodies, while 200(40%) were positive by PCR. The obtained results showed that PCR have higher sensitivity and specificity (95%), while CATT and smears gave less sensitivity 70% and 32% respectively. These findings were useful in formulating strategic control programs, because this new molecular approach will make it possible to detect infections in the very early stages where microscopic examination is unclear and to monitor groups of animals after trypanocidal treatment. This will not only be beneficial for diagnosis also useful for epidemiological study and designing rational control program.
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Abstract : Considering the increase in the number of violence actions against students taken by teachers at Arabic schools, it is imperative to validate the Arabic version of the teacher violence scale in order to assess the factor analysis. The validity and reliability were evaluated for internal consistency. The results showed that the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale consists of 28 items with five constructs: physical violence (9 items), sexual violence (4 items), accusing /humiliating (7 items), taunting (4 items), and oppressing (4 items). The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed the validated 5-factor model [χ2 = 1230.26, χ2/df = 1.399, RMSEA = .036, SRMR = .07, NNFI = .98, CFI = .996, GFI= .994, IFI= .997]. Average Variance Extracted and Composite Reliability of the five constructs were larger than .50 and .70, respectively. In conclusion, the teacher violence scale with these five constructs was found to be a reliable and valid measurement tool that will be useful in measuring the violence.
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