Abstract : Childhood renal disorders are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to data from hospital-based research, the prevalence of pediatric renal disorders in Asian nations ranges from 1.58% to 7.17%. The inadequate care of acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease (CKDs) in underdeveloped nations is frequently caused by a delay in diagnosis and a lack of resources. A cross-sectional study was conducted on children (aged 1 month to 12 years) diagnosed with renal diseases at the pediatric nephrology unit in Osmania general hospital for a period of one year (Jan 2022 to December 2022). A study proforma was used to extract information that included demographic characteristics, types of renal diseases, presenting symptoms and signs and histopathological reports and outcomes of management of the renal diseases. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. we recorded an incidence of 2.8% (28 renal cases per 1000 children examined) for kidney illness among hospital admissions. Among 61 cases of Nephrotic syndrome, majority of the cases are belonging to the Minimal change disease a total of 38 cases was reported which is 62.2% of total nephrotic syndrome cases followed by FSGS. NS, CAKUT and urolithiasis were the leading renal disorders in this study. Our study implies that majority of these ailments are treatable..
Full article

Abstract : This article explores five serendipitous medical discoveries that have dramatically altered the course of medical practice and global health: X-rays, penicillin, insulin, quinine, and vaccination. Serendipity, defined as the phenomenon of discovering valuable or agreeable things by chance, plays a crucial role in these transformative breakthroughs. The study employs a retrospective review design, analyzing each discovery's origins, impact, and historical significance through comprehensive literature searches and expert consultations. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s accidental discovery of X-rays in 1895 revolutionized diagnostic imaging and earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics. Alexander Fleming’s fortuitous observation of penicillin in 1928 laid the foundation for the antibiotic era, with subsequent efforts by scientists like Howard Florey leading to its mass production and widespread use. The discovery of insulin in the early 1920s by Frederick Banting and Charles Best transformed diabetes from a fatal condition to a manageable one, marking a major advancement in endocrinology. The tale of quinine’s discovery, from indigenous use in South America to its scientific isolation in the 19th century, underscores the significance of integrating traditional knowledge with scientific inquiry. Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine in the late 18th century initiated the era of vaccination, culminating in the eradication of smallpox and laying the groundwork for modern immunology. These discoveries highlight the profound impact of serendipity and collaborative effort in advancing medical science and addressing global health challenges..
Full article

Abstract : Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition that affects millions of women worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and intestines. Despite intensive research, the exact etiology of endometriosis remains unclear, although there are several theories regarding its causes, including the transplantation theory, metastatic endometriosis theory, metaplasia theory and induction theory. The symptoms of endometriosis are varied and include chronic pelvic pain, painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), and fertility problems. It is a disease that causes chronic inflammation, affecting not only the reproductive system but also other systems in the body. Endometriosis leads to systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and changes in the nervous system. The gold standard for diagnosis remains laparoscopy, although new imaging techniques, such as MRI, are increasingly being used. The treatment of endometriosis includes pharmacological, surgical, and supportive approaches. Pharmacological treatment focuses on relieving pain and inhibiting the growth of endometrial tissue using painkillers and hormonal therapies such as oral contraceptives, progestins, and GnRH agonists. Surgical treatment may involve laparoscopic removal or destruction of endometrial lesions. Despite the available therapies, endometriosis often recurs, which necessitates long-term disease management. The discussed studies indicate a clear correlation between endometriosis and the development of systemic inflammation, changes in the microbiome, and an increased risk of depression. A thorough examination of this issue will lead to a better understanding of the nature of endometriosis and enable the discovery of new treatment strategies..
Full article

Abstract : Cerebral palsy is a group of conditions that affect movement and posture. It is often associated with micro and macro nutrient deficiencies including iron deficiency anemia, which presents as a challenge in treatment of patients with cerebral palsy. To study the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children with Cerebral Palsy. A retrospective review was conducted of the files of children admitted to pediatric department of Shri Balaji Institute of Medical Sciences from January 2022 to February 2023 who were diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. Data was extracted on iron studies (low HB levels, low serum ferritin levels). 100 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy were included in the study out of which 63 were male and 37 were female. The study found 62% cases suffered from moderate anemia,18% of cases had severe anemia, 15% suffered for mild anemia and only 5% cases were found to be non anemic. The data was statistically significant. The study found high prevalence of Iron deficiency anemia in this clinical sample of children with Cerebral Palsy, in which most of the patients had moderate anemia..
Full article

Abstract : Endometriosis usually occurs in menstruating women [1]. Most common gastrointestinal involvement of endometriosis is found in the sigmoid colon, rectum and terminal ileum in3% 37% of women [2]. Proliferation and infiltration of the intestinal wall with endometrial implants may cause fibrotic reaction with formation of strictures and adhesions, probably from the effect of cyclical hormonal influences of menstruation. Eventually, this may lead to bowel obstruction and recurrent abdominal pain [3]. To report interesting cases of endometrial infiltration of small bowel causing acute obstruction requiring emergency surgery. Observational study Small bowel endometriosis is a challenging condition for surgeons which is confirmed only after histopath examination..
Full article